Enlightenment and Constitution Free Essays

Enlightenment and the Constitution The United States is a nation established in 1776 on a set of principles: liberty, equality, and self-government. These ideals derived in part from broad lessons of history, from the colonist, and treatises such as those of Locke and Rousseau. Liberty is a principle that individuals should be free to act and think as they choose, as long as their actions don’t infringe on the rights and freedoms of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Enlightenment and Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Equality is a notion that all individuals are equal and entitled to equal treatment under the law. Self-government is the principle that the people are the ultimate source and proper beneficiary of governing authority. These principles were the foundation for the United States set forth and written by our founding fathers, but taken from rulers and minds of Europeans during the Enlightenment period. The Enlightenment was an eighteenth- century intellectual movement whose proponents believed that human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem (Hunt, Lynn, Martin Rosenwein, page 545). During this period the rulers, writers, and thinkers gave the back bone to the Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. Although before we get to this period and how it shaped the United States we will have to go back a little further to 1651. In 1651 an English philosopher Thomas Hobbes had his work Leviathan published. Hobbes argued that government rests on a social contract in which the people give up certain freedoms they would have in a state of nature in return for the protection that a sovereign ruler can provide. Almost a half of a century later, an English philosopher, John Locke, used Hobbes concept of social contract in his Second Treatise on Civil Government. Locke claimed that all individuals have certain inalienable rights, including those of life, liberty, and property. When people form a government for securing their safety, they retain these individual rights. However Locke saw the social contract a bit differently. The agreement to submit to governing authority is based on the premise that government will protect these rights, if the government fails to the people can overthrow the government and form a new one( Patterson,page 14-15, 30). Thomas Jefferson declared that Locke â€Å"was one of the three greatest men that ever lived. † Jefferson paraphrased Locke’s ideas in passages of the Declaration of Independence. Including those that, â€Å"all men are created equal,† that government derive â€Å"their just powers from the consent of the government,† and that â€Å"it is the right of the people to alter or abolish a tyrannical government. The Declaration was a call of revolution rather than a framework for government. However the ideas contained in the document: liverty, equality, individual rights, self-government became the basis for the Constitution of the United States (Patterson, page 30). In Voltaire’s, Treatise on Toleration and Jean Jacques Rousseau , Social Contract we find more Enlightenment thinkers ideas framed in the Constitution. The ideas the Constitution receives from these works are the basis for Amendment I, freedom of religion. Voltaire states in A Treatise on Tolertion,† Religion was instituted to make us happy in this life and in the other. † â€Å"Christians should tolerate each other. † â€Å"I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as brothers, are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God? † Voltaire is setting the basis for freedom of religion, saying that the people must show Universal Tolerance for all. Rousseau takes it even further in The Social Contract. He states, â€Å"it is of importance to the State that each citizen should have a religion requiring his devotion to duty, however the dogmas of that religion are of no interest to the State. † Rousseau sets forth the idea that the government shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, as stated by the First Amendment of the Constitution. Finally Cesare Beccarria and Empress Catherine the Great both have an idea that resides in the Constitution. That idea is that all men are innocent until proven guilty. In Beccarria’s Crime and Punishment he states, â€Å"No man can be judged a criminal until he be found guilty: nor can society take from him the public protection until it have been proven that he has violated the conditions on which it was granted. Empress Catherine states in her Proposal for a New Legal Code in Russia, â€Å"No man ought to be looked upon as guilty, before he has received his judicial sentence; nor can the Laws deprive him of their protection when it is yet dubious, whether he is Innocent or Guilty?. The United States is a nation established in 1776 on a set of principles: liberty, equality, and self-government. These ideals derived in part from broad lessons of history, from the colonist, and treatises from the Enlightenment Period. Men and women from Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Cesare Beccarria, and Empress Catherine the Great have given ideas that our founding fathers saw and deemed worthy to be put in the United States Constitution. Thomas Jeffers on himself based many ideas in the Declaration of Independence from concepts written by John Locke that became the basis for the Constitution of the United States. Where would the United States be without these enlightened minds from Europe? Works Cited Beccarria, Cesare, Crime and Punishment Catherine the Great, Proposal for a New Legal Code in Russia Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin and Barbara H. Rosenwein; The Making of the West Bedford/St. Matin’s, Boston, New York, 2009 Locke, John, Second Treatise Patterson, Thomas E. , The American Democracy, Mc Graw Hill, New York, NY, 2009 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Social Contract Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration Europe? How to cite Enlightenment and Constitution, Papers

Reflection for Management Under Uncertainty- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theReflection for Management Under Uncertainty. Answer: Introduction In the subject, management under uncertainty, we were given the project of writing an annotated bibliography on a specific subject. We were given the assignment of creating an annotated bibliography of twenty pages. It was a group project and we were given the task of making annotated bibliography of different topics in the assignment. All the group members were given different sections of the assignment and they have to complete it at the assigned time. In addition, the team members also needed to make decisions regarding the roles assigned to different team members, how the team will communicate and complete the assignment. We also need to decide how disputes or conflicts can be resolved during the team progress. As stated above, there were five members in the group (Williams, Wooliams Spiro, 2012). All the team members were given different task and they have the opportunity to choose different topics according to their preference. However, we also decided that in order to maintai n the quality of the assignment and assure that the project is completed properly; we need to conduct regular team meetings. The group members can get feedback on their work and resolve any issue arisen during the completion of the assignment. According to the personal perception, this decision was beneficial and assisted us in making the best assignment. Analysis While developing the group assignment, we made several decisions regarding the assignment. We decided that the people should communicate regularly for the successful accomplishment of the project. While conducting the project, it was realized that there were some conflicts related to the content of the annotated bibliography. Although there was harmony between the team members, one of the team members was not satisfied with the work of another team member. It created issues between both of them. The team member performing the task was assured that his way of approaching the task was proper; however, another member was of the viewpoint that the problem should be addressed differently. We realized that the group would not be able to function properly if both the members will fight in such a manner. Therefore, it is important to intervene and take decisions to resolve the issue between different members. We analyzed the problem and understood that although the perspective of both the te am members was different, both the perspective were justified and correct (Bolton, 2014). Therefore, the second team member should be asked to back off and let the other team member do all the work. According to the personal perception, this decision was correct as it resolved the conflict and prevented other issues to be created in the near future. The functional group decision-making theory is an appropriate theory for the decision-making in a team. This theory emphasizes on a practical approach toward the decision-making so that effective decisions can be taken. The teams or the groups should try to create equilibrium between the job responsibilities as well as relationships between different members. A team can work effectively if different team members are able to maintain a harmonious relationship. Factors such as apology or friendship are important in maintaining a harmonious relationship. There are four basic functions in an effective decision-making, namely, problem analysis, goal setting, identity alternatives and evaluation and selection (Handler, Handler Gill, 2011). The problem analysis is the first function in an effective decision making and the group member looks at the likely causes of a problem. The group members must figure out what is the real problem in an organization and what are the symptoms of the probl em. Another phase in problem solving is goal setting in which the group members identifies what can be the possible solution for a problem. The group members identify what are the potential solutions for a particular problem. In this phase, the group members come up with as many solutions as possible; however, they stick with one solution. In the next phase, the team members identify the different alternatives. The team members find as many solutions as possible in this phase. Brainstorming is conducted to find the best solution; therefore, it is best to find the best possible solutions for the organization. The last phase of his model is evaluation and selection phase. In this phase, the team members of the organization evaluated each alternative and pick the best solution for the organization (Dainton Zelley, 2014). It can be critiqued that the current team undertook effective decision making process. The current decision making process aligned with the functional group decision-making theory. The group analyzed the problem of the conflict between two group members and found that the conflict arose due to the unnecessary intervention of different team members. In this regard, it can be evaluated that the team members need to resolve the issue by taking proper intervention steps. The team members understood the perspectives of different team members and tried to analyze the perspective of different parties. After thorough evaluation, it was critiqued that the intervention of another team member is creating issues in the work of other team members. Although the other team members were not having any problem with the first team member, they were also not happy with his attitude. Critical Discussion The decision-making is a complex process. There are several aspects to a decision and each aspect yields a different result. Although there are several alternatives to a successful decision, the selection of the right decision in important. In an effective and proper decision-making, the interest of all the stakeholders should be considered. There are several frameworks to analyze the efficacy of a decision. The eight-step decision making process is the best model for decision making. According to this model, there are eight steps in effective decision making. In the first step, the problem is defined. The problem definition is the most important part in effective decision-making, such as definition of root causes, identifying ant stakeholders issues and organization boundaries. In the second step, requirements are identified for an acceptable solution. Any acceptable solution to the problem should meet a certain criteria. The requirements to the solution must define what the solutio n may do. In the third step, the organization must establish goals for the intent of decision-making (Littlejohn Foss, 2009). The goals of the organization must be stated properly. In the fourth step, alternatives are identified for the organization. The alternatives should be able to change the initial condition of the situation into the desired condition. The different alternatives should be able to meet the initial requirements and goals. In the fifth step, a criterion should be defined to measure how each alternative is performing to achieve goals. The criterion should be able to complete, operational and precise in its judgment. It is important that the criterion has an input from the decision-maker and it should be able to accurately judge different alternatives. In the next step, the decision-maker selects the best-fit decision-making tool. The selected tool must be able to address the problem accurately. The selection of the tool is also dependent upon the complexity of the problem and the experience of the team. In the seventh step, the selected tool is judged according to the criteria. The alternatives can be judged according to the quantitative, qualitative methods or their combination. In the last step, the decision is evaluated against a problem statement (McKee, Kemp Spence, 2012). The solution is validated to ensure that it solves the problem identified. The original problem is identified in accordance to the goals and requirements. The decision of stop making people intervene in the work of others was effective in enhancing the overall productivity of the organization. The current decision was effective in improving the overall efficiency of the team members. The decision is evaluated in the eight step framework and it is deduced that the decision was effective in increasing the productivity of the organization. Recommendations It can be recommended that the effective decision-making is essential in the growth and progress of a team. It is important that a team has specific structure and format for the decision making. The decision-making framework will benefit the team players in taking good decisions. It is also important for the progress of the team or the organization. It is recommended that the team should ask for the participation of all the ream members in a decision. The process of brainstorming will effectively assist the team in gathering new ideas and innovative techniques for problem-solving. The organization should also identify the underlying or root cause of the problem so that the solutions can effectively address the issue. In the present case, all the team members actively participated in the decision making process. However, in order to pick the best solution for the problem, it is important that all the solution or the approaches should be judged according to the criteria. References McKee, A., Kemp, T., Spence, G. (2012). Management: A Focus on Leaders. Pearson Higher Education AU. Williams, K., Wooliams, M., Spiro, J. (2012). Reflective Writing. Palgrave Macmillan. Bolton, G. (2014). Reflective Practice: Writing and Professional Development. SAGE. Handler, C.E., Handler, C., Gill, D. (2011). English and Reflective Writing Skills in Medicine: A Guide for Medical Students and Doctors. Radcliffe Publishing. Dainton, M., Zelley, E.D. (2014). Applying Communication Theory for Professional Life: A Practical Introduction. SAGE Publications. Littlejohn, S.W., Foss, K.A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE

Magnetic Stimuli Essays - Magnetism, Geomagnetism,

Magnetic Stimuli The Role of Magnetic Stimuli in Animals In as early in the year 1855 Minddendorf proposed the idea of broad front, one-direction migration also suggested a means of orientation, that birds were capable of detecting the magnetic poles and of maintaining their bearing therefrom. Since then many similar ideas have continued to pop up at random intervals (Carthy 56). An immediate difficulty is the lack of any structure or tissue that could possibly react to the magnetic field. In the year 1948, the discovery of certain forces were indeed produced by placing non-magnetic material in a magnetic field, however they were far too minute to merit any serious consideration (Carthy 59). Some reports speak of heightened locomotor activity and heartbeat, when in close proximity to increased magnetic fields; a fact which might mean that a kinesis-based magnetism is a possibility. A study was done in which magnets were attached to birds and released in sunny (or starry) conditions have repeatedly been shown to have no effect on orientation (Dorst 24). However recently it has been shown that pigeons repeatedly released under conditions of heavy overcast (in areas where the recognition of landmarks could not rigorously excluded) have an orientation which is disturbed by magnets. Most workers with caged birds have failed to find any tracer of orientation in a planetarium with all the stars blocked off or in any closed room (32). This phenomenon definitely shows evidence that some if not all birds use celestial bodies. One group studying magnetic orientation in birds has consistently claimed to the contrary. Their accumulated data does seem to show some directional tendenci es but the scatter distribution is so wide that their significance could be said to be more statistical than biological. There are suggestions that there may be at least a north/south klino- or tropptaxis to the magnetic field. It must be remembered that no-one has yet been able to give the slightest indication of what the magnetic-sensitive organs are, nor whether they have sufficient acuity for us to be able to speak of a menotaxis, let alone orientation. By contrast, the birds eye is a very highly developed sense organ. Recent work suggests that European robins do not even detect north from the polarity of the magnetic field but from its angle to the horizon (43). Hypotheses that the earth magnetic field could provide a navigational grid date as far back as the work Viguier completed in 1882. The outcome of his work suggested that birds could detect and measure three components of the field, its intensity, inclination (the angle which a compass needle makes with the horizontal) and declination (the angle between magnetic and geographical north). These three components vary more or less with independence of one another so that their isolines would form a complex grid. Over the next few years, several different scientists restated this hypothesis, with minor variations. The complete lack of evidence for any direct reaction to a magnetic field in birds is a very questionable issue (Carthy 46). Can birds actually use magnetic stimuli as an internal compass? Well Casamajor (1927) and Wodzicki (1939) found that fixing magnets to the head of the Pigeon and the Stork, had no effect on their homing ability. There are many other theoretical difficulties that may provide an answer as to why the magnets did not affect the homing ability of the two animals in question (48). An important one is that measurement of declination requires an exact knowledge of geographical north. Elimination of the declination isolines from the magnetic grid reduces the plausibility of the whole scheme, since the inclination and intensity isolines generally cross one another at oblique angles making good fixes impossible (Lincoln 79). With these initial theoretical difficulties in mind the concept of direct sensitivity was therefore replaced by one of indirect sensitivity to the earths magnetic field, and the whole hypothesis was resurrected (Lincoln 89). In the year 1947, Yeagley suggested that the flying bird, which acted as a linear conductor moving through the lines of force field, could detect the earths field. Theoretically this would result in a small potential difference being set up between the two ends of the conductor, though at this time had not

denmark brief history essays

denmark brief history essays Denmark is a constitutional monarchy in northwestern Europe. It is the southern most of the Scandinavian countries. Copenhagen is Denmarks capital. The country is administratively the country is divided 14 counties and 275 local authorities. Margaret II, who became queen in 1972, currently heads the country. The revised constitution of 1953 provides for succession to the throne in the female line and for a unicameral legislature, called the Folketing. I pick up in history where this class roughly starts in the 1400s. Waldemar IVs (1340-75) daughter Margaret I (1387-1412) was in power and she created the Kalmar union, which included Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the Faeroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and part of Finland. In 1520 Sweden and Finland revolted, seceding 1523. In 1448 the house of Oldenburg was established on the throne in the person Christian I and has continued to rule Denmark up to the present day. In 1523 Christian II was driven from the Danish throne, then followed a period of unrest. Unrest was settled when Christian III consolidated his power as king of Denmark. Also in 1523 the Kalmar union was dissolved, but Denmark and Norway remain united. During his reign Denmark was involved in a reformation and Denmark becomes Lutheran. 1618-48, Christian IV intervened in the thirty years war as a champion of Protestantism. Territorial losses were endured as a result of the wars with Sweden. In the 18th century it was a peri od of internal reform, which included the abolition if serfdom and land reforms. In the 19th century Denmark economically prospered despite the many military defeats the country was involved in. In 1849, King Frederick VII authorized a new constitution instituting a representative form of government and a wide range of social and educational reforms took place. In 1866 the Danish constitution was revised, making the upper chamber (Landsting) more powerful than the lower house (Folketing...

Analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Analysis - Essay Example The burger consists of a single beef patty which is topped with American cheese, fried onions, and thick steak sauce. The advertisement shows a young girl who is all eager to have a big bite of the burger she is looking at with surprise openly expressed in her eyes. The girl is tip-top, as if she is seducing the people out there to come at the fast food point and have this delightful treat. The media in general and this ad in particular is exploiting people, especially children, by way of sexual appeal and exaggerated messages in advertisements. Since the youth is more attracted toward junk food than adults, and because of the males’ attraction toward sexual content (the sexual innuendo will be described in a later paragraph), this advertisement has made use of the fragility of young minds to sell the product. Young people, such as teenagers, tend to have less-developed ability of decision-making or critical thinking, so they cannot realize what is wrong with what they are vie wing, and their minds learn or absorb every act they see. I believe that this specific advertisement is very effectively selling the product by manipulating young minds into getting away from healthy food and turning toward junk meals. Media is exploiting kids to make them their unsurpassed consumers. Children are being affected by the media every day and every moment they sit in front of the television. This eventually affects the whole society. Businesses are now targeting children because they form a huge part of American population today. The idea behind is that kids spend or make their parents spend a lot of money on things like video games, junk food, electronic items, and the like, and thus this spent money forms are great part of the country’s economy. Hence, advertisers and businesses are targeting children because they have an influence over purchasing and making decisions in all small and big shopping. Parents become helpless. When a teenager will see this specific advertisement, he will totally relish the yummy bite of the burger in his dreams, and will bug his parents to allow him to have it one way or another. This is because the message, which will be discussed in a later section, is so tempting that a teenager will not be able to resist the temptation. Companies have started calculating the nagging factor (John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health) which determines how much anger or stubbornness kids have to show to their parents in order to persuade them to buy something of their choice. Mass media is manipulating kids’ minds through marketing in schools, public places, homes, and through television, internet and DVDs. Companies present new brands in front of kids and attract them through suggestive content that is shown to them through marketing services. Children get attracted to the sexually suggestive content shown in the advertisements. They are attracted toward buying new brands of cereals, clothes, bedspreads, kidsâ⠂¬â„¢ furniture, school bags and lunch boxes. Marketers understand the psychology of children and control them. Ethics are not taken into account while marketing the products and this inculcates unethical values amongst the children. They tend to learn violence, aggression, and sexual fantasies, and then try to incorporate these things in their own lives (Strasburger, Jordan and Donnerstein). Also, they learn that they are supposed to get everything they see and then force their parents to provide them with everything they are attracted t

Religoin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Religoin - Essay Example Mysticism is key to the methodology of any religion (Underhill 43). The creation theory states that, the universe and all life form in it originated from God -who created everything in six days with man being created on the last day. This is found in the book of Genesis; used as the basis of creationists fundamentalist Christians against evolutionists Charles Darwin then came up with the Darwinism theory of biological evolution. According to evolutionists, human beings evolved from apes to the present Homo Sapiens Sapiens through natural selection. They argue that in order to cope with the change in the environment, human beings adapted to the changing environment by weeding out the weak and only leaving the strongest to survive. The continental drift theory theorizes that the earth was initially a large land mass that split into seven continents due to tectonic plates shifting in the core of the earth’s crust. The two theories greatly differ with the creation theory (Ruse 24). The methodologies used by both factions are quite different. The creationists rely on sacred texts like the Bible to pursue an understanding of the universe while the evolutionists use scientific correlation of cause and effect to investigate the phenomena. The conflict thesis proposed by William Draper in 1875 aims to highlight the differing perspectives between religion and science. Draper came up with the conflict thesis to highlight how the two ‘conflicted’ in terms of methodology, intellectual framework, and politics. Others such as Richard Dawkins provide an in depth view of the epistemological differences between science and religion. He argues that science and religion differ in the way they formulate and hold beliefs. Religion uses faith-based methods while science uses reason-based methods. Dawkins in his theory suggests that science uses inductive statements that can be verified through statistical analysis on objective

Career Action Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Career Action Plan - Assignment Example Furthermore, a marketability analysis would be provided based on a research of my marketable skills as contrasted with the attributes that one’s professional industry is looking for. The evaluation would include which attributes one possesses and which ones have to be worked on. Concurrently, the ideal situation would be detailed through conducting a S.W.O.T. analysis of one’s current and ideal situation. In addition, my short-term and long-term goals would also be presented in the process. Finally, the steps to success section would discuss the strategies which are to be designed to achieve the explicitly defined career goals. People pursue different careers to serve varied personal and professional goals. Some individuals are given the foresight to discern which specific profession to pursue. Others manifest genuine interests in specialized endeavors through possessing innate skills and talents of distinct crafts or fields of study. In my situation, I have envisioned working in a banking institution as part of the management team. To enable me to prepare for the profession, I am currently pursuing higher education with courses that would match job requirements in business, banking, and finance. Currently, I am not working since as an international student studying in Australia, I have to focus on my studies on a full-time basis. Likewise, I could not undertake any part-time job due to visa restrictions. So far, the only work experience previously undertaken were volunteer works; specifically during the holidays when volunteerism in community activities entail providing assistance for building houses for the poor and homeless citizens. Despite the lack of work experience, I have perceived that I possess skills and attributes that would prepare me for future employment. The endeavors undertaken in school, at home, as well as while undertaking